Posts Tagged ‘linux mint 18 upgrade’
Windows 0x00000079 Error Fix – Repair 0x00000079 Error
Windows Error 0×00000079 is an error that occurs whenever there are setbacks in your hardware or operating system. Oftentimes, the error is encountered when you attempt to install Microsoft Windows XP onto a PC where there is an installed Windows Server 2003.
What Causes This Error?
Typically, the dreaded “blue screen” appears every time the error arises and the usual alert is shown like this:
“STOP: 0×00000079 (0×00000003, parameter2, parameter3, parameter4)MISMATCHED_HAL”
The error message is defined as MISMATCHED_HAL (Mismatched Hardware Abstraction Layer) if the operating system loader called “Ntldr” used is older than the kernel of Windows Server 2003. With this, the system will find it difficult to access the files and settings that needs to be processed – as it doesn’t have the capacity or resources to support the new operating system.
How To Fix 0x00000079 Errors
To fix this issue, you have to replace the Ntldr file with a new copy from the latest version of the operating system. You can begin doing this by loading up the Recovery Console of Windows. Here’s what to do:
For Windows 2000, choose “R” when the welcome menu to set up appears.This command will prompt the repair of Windows 2000.
After that, options to repair will be shown and you have to press “C” to use the recovery console in fixing the installation of Windows 2000.
The Recovery Console for Microsoft Windows 2000 will then be seen on the top portion of the black screen, and from here, choose “1“C:WINNT“.
After this, type the “Administrator password” and wait for the new instruction display on the screen that will allow you to input any legitimate command.
If you are not sure of the next command to enter, go to the “HELP” menu.
To proceed with the resolution, type c: and then hit the “Enter” tab.
Then input ‘ren ntldr oldntldr” and after that select “Enter“.
Afterwards, you have to put in the CD/DVD drive the CD-ROM of Windows Server 2003.
Once CD is inserted, type “map” and click “Enter“. Input “copy drive:i386ntldr” where drive is the letter of the drive where you can find the CD-ROM.
To illustrate, type “copy fi386ntldr” if the CD-ROM is located in Drive F. After this, type “Exit” and then click “Enter” to quit the Recovery Console. This process will most likely stop Windows error 0×00000079.
If the error persists after completing the steps, then it is most likely that you have issues in your registry. To ensure you fix this, you have to clean the registry of your PC. The “registry” is a central database that stores important files, settings, options, and information. Windows reads the necessary files in order for it to run programs through this huge database. Unfortunately, the registry gets damaged, corrupted, infected, or clogged up. As this happens, Windows will not be able to access the needed files for it to load up programs. Problems and errors will be triggered like the Windows error 0×00000079 as you may have faulty driver settings. To start the cleaning process, you have to download an effective registry cleaner tool and let it scan through your system to eliminate the errors and issues that your PC may have. Among the available registry cleaners, the highly recommended tool is the “Frontline Registry Cleaner” as this has been proven to remove 99% of the errors on your computer.
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Source by Katie Martins
What Is The Best Way To Run Windows 7 On Mac?
When you are using a Macintosh and need to run Windows programs, what is the best way to run Windows 7 on Mac? What are the problems for which you need to prepare? How do you exchange files between Windows and Mac? How do you assign hard disk space? How do you change the allocation after installation if needed? Here choices that work great.
Some of the Windows programs I needed would not run in virtualization mode. VirtualBox, a free emulator by Oracle is quite good, but I needed the actual installation of Windows 7 on the hard drive of the Macintosh.
How To Run Windows 7 On A Mac
Bootcamp is included with the operating system in the Utilities folder, and the procedure for installing is straightforward. You need a Windows DVD installation disk. A basic or manufacturer’s installation disk is fine. Next, print out the Bootcamp instructions and partition your hard drive to make space for Windows. Bootcamp will reformat the partitions on your existing hard drive with no loss of data. To minimize the chance for irregularities during this procedure it is a good idea to run a couple of maintenance utilities. I used Cocktail to clear caches, run maintenance scripts and repair permissions. Then I ran Disk Warrior to rebuild the existing directory on the hard drive to ensure it was in pristine, perfect condition with zero errors prior to proceeding. The directory file structure is a map of all the files on the hard drive. These are optional safeguards. At minimum, restart the Mac with shift key pressed to start up in safe mode and check the system files. Then restart and use Disk Utility to verify the disk structure for safety.
While slow, the installation proceeds smoothly. Just remember to hold down the Option key on Mac and select the new Windows disk on each restart during the set up. After you start up in Windows, use the Macintosh Software Update control panel to update everything from the Windows side. I also installed MSSE – Microsoft security essentials, a free anti virus program. The problems began a few weeks later when I noticed my hard drive was running almost constantly when using Windows.
I had allocated 27 GB, around 10 GB over the minimum, but with both Apple and Microsoft installing “important” and “recommended” updates my free space was down to approximately 1.5 GB, less than ten per cent of the overall drive capacity leaving little working room for the files to be written.
How To Add Space to Bootcamp Without Losing Data
There are two ways to address this:
1) Reformat from the Mac side with Bootcamp by restoring the drive, losing all Windows data, partitioning and starting over.
2) Use Paragon CampTune 9 to add space to Windows without losing any data.
I chose the second method.
After purchasing and downloading CampTune, burning the program to a CD went smoothly. I was able to remove free space from the Mac side of the partition, but when trying to add space to the Windows partition the following message appeared: “Operation failed. File system has allocation errors due to cross-linked files. Run OS built in tools for checking and correcting this kind of errors. Error Source: Hard Disk Manager Error Code: 0x10018.” The developers are native German speakers, so the English isn’t flawless.
Troubleshooting CampTune
I was left with lost disk space on my Mac, and the same space shortage on Windows. I contemplated going back to step one, erasing and starting over. Fortunately, when filing out a service ticket online, the FAQ gave me the answer. The instructions showed three things:
1) How to use disk utility on the Mac to check the file structure for errors. I knew these files were fine for two reasons, Disk Warrior had rebuilt everything even though there were no errors, plus CampTune had successfully removed free space from the Mac partition showing a file check as one of the steps.
2) How to reclaim the unallocated free space on the drive. This was very useful. You open up Disk Utility on the Mac, click Partition, and just drag the image to enlarge.
3) How to check for file errors on the Windows partition. This was what I needed, but it required command line instructions: chkdsk c: /f. Command line instructions are fine but they make me nervous because sometimes you can do real damage if you’re off by one space or punctuation mark.
Chkdsk is a command to have Windows run the built in check disk routine and repair any damaged files. Fortunately, this can also be run from the Windows Control Panel. Select Computer, then the Bootcamp disk, the Properties, and Tools, and select Disk maintenance. You can then choose repair files only, or repair files and try to recover any damaged blocks. Since the command line was only for file repair I picked that.
The computer has to restart so the drive is not in use, then the program runs displaying text on a black background. It completed uneventfully and then the CampTune program successfully re sized the partition. Afterward I had Windows defragment the disk and had found the answer to my question: What is the best way to run Windows 7 on a Mac?
How To Transfer Files Between Windows and Mac
Windows asks you to back up your files and I have an unused external hard drive but it is formatted for the Macintosh using HFS+. Windows 7 must be formatted with Microsoft’s proprietary system called NTFS. Mac can read these files and you can copy them from the Bootcamp partition to the Mac desktop just by dragging, but Windows cannot read the Mac HFS+. I had been emailing Mac text files to myself then opening them online in Windows. Here’s how to make it work. Both Windows and Mac can read FAT(MS/DOS) as the Mac calls it. Just open Disk Utility on the Mac and reformat the old Mac drive to FAT32. This takes about five seconds and effectively erases all your data on the drive because you can no longer access it, but you can then easily read and share files between Windows 7 and the Mac by simply dragging them across the Mac desktop from each hard drive.
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Source by Daniel Dreifus
Make Your Computer Run Faster for Free
Many people ask “How can I make my computer run faster for free?” The answer to this question is not as complicated as you think. You don’t need to buy anything to get your system running faster. I’ve discovered that Windows has an enormous amount of tools to make my computer faster. But lets explore why computers lose their speed in the first place. There are a few culprits that may be killing your PC speed. Things like errors, a fragmented file system, excess programs, low disk space, high CPU usuage, and spyware. In most cases, these problems can be repaired with ease. Here are several ways to make your computer run faster for free.
1. Defragment
This is awesome way to make your computer run faster. Defragment helps your computer organize its hard drive. The more fragmented your hard drive, the longer it takes for your hard drive to locate programs and files. Click Start > Click Computer > Right Click your hard drive > Click Properties > Choose Tools > Click Defragment Now.
2. Disk Cleanup
This tool can instantly award you a boost in speed by cleaning up your junk files. Disk Cleanup eliminates all the junk data that the computer is longer using. Your computer keeps all the old downloads, deletions, and uninstalled data in a temporary folder. You can purge this cumbersome data and make this free space available for your PC to use. Click Start > Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Cleanup.
3. Enable ReadyBoost
This is probably the most underrated tool that’s packaged in Windows 7 and Vista. Readyboost really helped me make my computer run faster. This is a great tool that helps give your computer a significant boost in speed by alleviating the stress on your RAM. If you have a low amount of RAM, you will see a significant boost. ReadyBoost gives your computer more memory for use. Insert removable media > choose Speed up my system> Dedicate the device to Readyboost.
4. Adjust Visual Effects
Windows has a beautiful interface with all the bells and whistles. However all that bling comes at a price to your PC’s performance. Fading windows and translucency eat up tons of RAM. You can customize your graphical options to give your computer the best performance. Start > Control Panel > System > Advanced > Performance > Settings > Visuals Effects > Adjust for best performance.
5. Remove Spyware and Viruses
This danger extends beyond just performance. Malware can also steal personal data from your computer. There are tons of good free anti-malware programs out there to help remove these menaces from your computer. Make sure your antiviruses updates during your off hours. Simply allowing the security software to update while you are sleeping will allow you to make your computer run faster.
6. Scan for Errors
Errors can cause massive slowdowns to your PC. Conflicts with applications and sudden restarts are also common signs of errors. Windows does a good job of repairing errors. If you are the administrator, you will be able to use SFC command. This administrative tool allows Windows to try and repair itself. It will scan all system files and replace any that are damaged or missing. If repairs are needed, you will need to supply the Windows CD.
Click Start > Right Click the Command Prompt or type cmd in the search bar > Type sfc/scannow into the command prompt >The tool will scan for damaged files. When prompted provide the Windows original disk for repair.
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Source by Gaelim Holland
Portal 2 Speedup Tutorial – How to Get This Killer Game To Run At Its Best
Portal 2 may be rated as one of the best games to hit the shelves, but for many people it will just run too slow for it to be enjoyable. This problem is not only a huge issue because of the hardware specifications of your system, but it’s a problem which will be preventing your computer from actually being able to operate as smoothly as possible. Fortunately, there’s a simple way to make Portal 2 run faster on a Windows PC, which is to fix a number of potential problems which will lead it to lag, or slow down.
The way to fix Portal 2 slow speed issues is to first ensure that the game is installed correctly, and that your computer has all the necessary files & settings to help it process your commands as quickly as possible. One of the main reasons why games such as Portal 2 will run slower is because Windows will not be able to process the options it requires for it to run, leading it to become unusable and extremely slow. The bottom line, therefore, is that you first need to be able to repair any of the possible problems that Windows has, as well as ensuring that the game it self is working correctly.
Step #1 – Turn Down The Graphics
The graphics of Portal 2 are extremely advanced, leading many systems to be unable to handle them correctly. This problem is only really an issue for the likes of Laptops, or really old PCs; and as a rule of thumb, it’s recommended that you tune down the graphics of the game to allow your computer to process it correctly again. To do this, we recommend you follow these steps:
- Click onto Portal 2
- Click “Options”
- Click “Graphics Options”
- Turn the graphics options to their lowest settings
Step #2 – Use A Registry Cleaner
Another great way to speed up this game is to use a registry cleaner. These are programs which have been created by software developers to scan through the “registry” of your computer, and fix any of the problems which it will have inside. We’ve found that one of the biggest problems for the registry is that it’s continually running slower and with a lot of problems, leading your computer to become highly unreliable and ineffective as a result. The registry is basically a big database which Windows computers use to store their files & options, and as a result, it’s vital that you’re able to clean out any of the potential problems that it may have in order to speed up Portal 2.
We recommend using a program called Frontline Registry Cleaner 2.0 to make Portal 2 run smoother, as this tool is able to scan through your system and fix the likes of Junk Files as well as a number of other errors & problems. To use it, just download the program, install it and then let it fix your PC.
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Source by Haley Wilson
Windows Update 0x8007007e Error Repair Tutorial – How To Fix This Error For Good On Your PC
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Windows Update 0×8007007e is a frequent error that you will normally encounter when getting updates for Windows (Windows version 2000, XP, Server 2003). This error will usually appear on your screen as a message that the computer system is trying to get the updated files from the server of Windows.
What Causes The 0x8007007e Error?
There are numerous possible reasons for this particular error, but all of these can be summarized into two major problems:
- There are dll files that are corrupt, misplaced or not properly registered.
- There could be something wrong with the Microsoft XML Parser.
The computer will resort to the 0×8007007e Error when its security has somehow been infringed of if the parser has virus infections. You can also check the registry for issues that lead to the error. Windows will come up with errors, particularly this one, if it identifies corrupt files in the system. If you are currently facing this problem right now then follow the guide below so you know how to fix the error.
How To Fix The 0x8007007e Error On Your PC
Step one is to register the files needed for Windows Update again. DLL files are constantly in use to process the features and vital activities in the computer. One of the known ways to troubleshoot errors is by re-registering the files. Give particular attention to dll files that have been corrupted or damaged since these are the ones needed to be re-registered the most.
Go to START> RUN> and type “cmd” to open command prompt.
Put in “regsvr32 -u
Get a copy of the dll file that has to be updated or replaced into the hard drive.
Go to command prompt again and type “regsvr32
Press ENTER.
After doing this, restart the computer to make the changes take effect.
The likely source of the 0×8007007e Error could come from the registry. This is a database containing the various important files that the system uses to run its operations. Because it contains such vital information, it is known for its delicacy; it easily gets infected, damaged or corrupted since it is always in use. The corrupt files or those that cannot be found in the registry are reflected when the computer becomes slow and the applications you want to run stop working properly. One common symptom is when a particular program fails to load and the error message appears.
Most users fail to see the importance of maintaining a sound registry database. The settings and files stored there are the backbone of Windows operations. If they malfunction, expect the rest of the computer to follow too. Therefore, the solution to the error along with other possible errors is a healthy registry. An application can maintain and fix registry issues for you. Simply download the Frontline Registry cleaner. It is a handy tool for all computer users experiencing errors like this one and can solve many of your computer errors with ease that your computer is running normally again in no time.
Fix MagicJack Problems by Tweaking and Changing Your Proxy Settings
Identifying/Changing Your MagicJack Proxy to fix call quality problems
MagicJack is selling like hotcakes all around the country. This is great for the parent company, but can present challenges for the consumers that purchase the device, particularly if you live in one of their crowded markets (i.e. for me in Atlanta). I’ve been working on several tips and tricks to optimize MagicJack and fix some common problems, and this one solves the issue mentioned above. After experiencing some pops and cracks in my calls, I started wondering if maybe the MagicJack server was slightly overloaded, and if so, was there a way to change the server. After scouring through every program option, I realized that there wasn’t a way to specify a different server from within the MagicJack application, but having a good understanding of networking, I was sure I could find some tricks.
After experimentation, I found that if a MagicJack server wasn’t available, it automatically routed to the next available server, so in my case, if the Atlanta server was down for some reason, I would be automatically routed to the next closest server, or Memphis, TN. To make MagicJack think that Atlanta was down, I created a fake route on my computer that pointed to a non-existent server, and once MagicJack determined it couldn’t connect to Atlanta, as expected, I was routed to Memphis. I jumped out of excitement upon realizing that the quality was now PERFECT. There were no more pops or cracks, and none of my call recipients were complaining of static. This tip to optimize MagicJack and fix some common problems is the one I needed to throw away my home phone bill. Just a warning, these next few steps are pretty technical, so please be careful, or ask a techie friend to help you out!
Find your proxy to fix common MagicJack problems
To effectively optimize MagicJack and fix call quality problems, you need to first identify the proxy server that you are using. The steps below outline how to identify the proxy and vms servers that MagicJack is currently using to complete calls:
Step 1) Download the application pmdump from http://www.ntsecurity.nu/toolbox/pmdump/ – pmdump lets you dump the memory from a particular process; this is how we will get the proxy server
Step 2) Start MagicJack
Step 3) Identify MagicJack’s process ID (PID)
a) Open a command prompt (start->run->cmd).
b) Execute pmdump -list
c) Find “magicjack.exe” in the output. Note the number associated with it (usually 3 to 4 digits).
Step 4) Make at least one call
Step 5) Using the command prompt and PID as described above, execute: pmdump [pid] magicjack.txt
Step 6) Open magicjack.txt using a text editor and search for the string: s=ENSResip
For example, if you connect to the Atlanta proxy, you should see:
o=- 390440284 390440284 IN IP4 216.234.78.8
s=ENSResip
c=IN IP4 216.234.78.20
Note the IP addresses for both the proxy and the vms servers (216.234.78.8 for proxy and 216.234.78.20 for vms).
So you’ve found your proxy, now it is time to change it
Windows has a great built in function for establishing “routes” for servers. As I mentioned earlier in the article, the next trick to optimize MagicJack and fix call quality problems is making MagicJack think that the Atlanta server is down, so it will default to the next available server. Using the “route” command, you can set the Atlanta proxy and vms servers to a non-existent IP address on your local network (if your computer is 192.168.1.2, you could use anything in that range, so 192.168.1.39). To do this, run the following command from the command prompt:
route add [ip of proxy] mask 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.39 -p
route add [ip of vms] mask 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.39 -p
The command above will tell your computer that the MagicJack proxy server is actually at 192.168.1.39, which is a bad address, so MagicJack will try the next available, and hopefully less busy, server. The -p option tells your computer to keep the route persistent, or remember it after a reboot. If you want to use a specific proxy server (i.e. you decide that the Austin, Texas server is the absolute best), you basically repeat the process above, but block EVERY proxy server, except for the one you want to use.
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Source by Paul Falor
Router Simulator For Cisco Lab Scenarios
I have recently been investigating router simulators and have found several on the internet with free demos. After reviewing them I have narrowed down the available packages to four manufactures. The following is my opinion of each of these.
Dynamips:
Dynamips is available for free and runs on Linux, Mac OS X or Windows and can simulate the hardware of the Cisco series routing platforms by directly booting actual Cisco IOS software image into the emulator. It allows users to build complex network topologies to test the functionality of IOS on a desktop PC, without the need of an actual physical Cisco device. Dynamips currently supports different networking medium such as Ethernet, Serial link, ATM, and POS interfaces for the Cisco 1700, 2600, 3600, 3700, 7200 and Juniper router hardware platforms as well as Cisco PIX and ASA security platforms.
Even though there are switching platforms included in the application, there is no configuration on them but simple port vlans. There is no VTP, STP or ether-channel configuration and of course no layer 3 switching.
Once installed you must install an appropriate Cisco IOS for every routers and security platforms you wish to use. The switches require no IOS as they have no configuration capabilities. A frame-relay switch is included and be configured with a number of virtual circuits and DLCIs. Dynamips does not support ISDN.
This product is easy to install and use as long as you have access to the Cisco IOS for the devices, and even though it has no labs or tutorials included the price is right. I would recommend this product for anyone studying for the CCNA or routing portion of the CCNP. The inclusion of the PIX, ASA, and IDS security devices give it the added capability for security labs. I would not recommend it for those studying for the CCIE due to the lack of switch configuration.
Boson:
The Boson simulator NETSIM is available in three variations. The CCENT (99.00), CCNA (179.00), and CCNP (349.00). Each comes with additional functionality as the price increases.
Netsim will simulate 47 different Cisco devices. Cisco 800, 1000, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600, 2811, 3600 routers; 1900, 2900, 3500 switches and 7960 IP Phone. It also supports a several networking medium such as Ethernet, Serial, ISDN and Frame-Relay. As well as Simulates network traffic with virtual packet technology and SDM emulation.
Netsim provides more switch configuration than any other simulator on the market today, but still cannot match that of hardware as switches use ASIC design to do the switching and software has not been capable of completely emulating yet.
Netsim includes an extensive collection of CCNA and CCNP labs, tutorials and can support up to 233 IOS commands depending on which version of the software you purchase. Although it has no provision for security labs it does have limited VOIP capability.
Netsim is easy to install and requires no additional software or IOS to use. Although it is pricey I would recommend it to anyone studying for the CCNA or CCNP.
SemSim, Cert Exams and Others:
SemSim, Cert Exams and a number of other simulator available are inexpensive usually about 30 to 40 dollars and most do have labs and tutorials included as well as practices exams in some cases. This said it is my opinion that they lack functionality and ease of use. Myself I would opt for the Dynamips product over these products. It may not have the labs but the price is right.
Any product you get will provide additional hands on training but should not be you only training media. You should always purchase good books such as Cisco press and practices exams to supplement you training materials. Remember when you take the test you will not be asked to configure a lab at least not till you are ready for the CCIE.
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Source by Barry Burdette
Google Chrome Keeps Crashing – Fix Chrome Crashes in Your Computer
Today, people have so many options for the web browser, as there are so many browsers available for browsing. However, some of them are good enough for the people that is why they do not want to change their browsers for any reason. Chrome is also one of the best browsers which has third largest users base all over the world. However, sometimes Google chrome gets some problems such as: “Google chrome has crashed” or “the application failed to initialize properly”. These error messages are very annoying for the users and when they occur most of the users do not know what to do. Sometime they just restart the computer, but it does not work.
Before getting the solution for such problems it is better that you understand that why Google chrome crashes. There are many reasons for the Google chrome crashing, but one of the main reasons is registry error. The registry is a place, which stores all the important information of the system and it has all those files, which helps in proper loading of the system processes. Therefore, any error or corrupt file in the registry system severely affects the system, which can also result in chrome crash.
The problem becomes worse if there occurs the file association errors which are a class of registry keys. These errors prevent programs from opening properly. Getting a fix for file association issues through a proper registry cleaning solution also helps if your Google chrome keeps crashing.
However, it is not that much difficult to fix the Google chrome error. You can fix it easily with a simple command. For this, you need to stop the chrome and right click on its shortcut. This will open Google chrome properties and then click on shortcut tab. Here you will find a command in front of target option, where you need to add “–no-sandbox” or –no-process-plugins”. After writing this command click, ok, and this will resolve your crash issue. Here “no sandbox” means you have turned on the sandbox security mode, which will help your computer from being infected from any type of malware or any other virus, which can affect the chrome browser. However, the second command “no process plugins” will instruct the plugins to run inside the chrome, because by default these plugins run in separate places, which result in chrome crashes.
Reviews Using the Linux Ls Command to See Linux File "Patterns" – Linux Commands Training Quick Tips
The [pattern] Part of a Linux Command
The Linux [pattern] (a.k.a. Linux shell pattern) part of a Linux command is a combination of letters and wildcard characters that are used with Linux commands to view information about Linux directories and files.
The Linux [pattern] of a Linux command does not work the same with all commands.
Linux ls Command Examples Showing Linux Command Patterns for Linux Files and Directories
The Linux commands examples that are shown below will help you to understand how a “file (or directory) matching pattern” can be used with a Linux command.
The Linux commands below will work in most Linux distributions, however, some of the Linux ls commands below may not show any Linux files in the output, depending on your Linux distribution.
The [pattern] component of a command is used to represent a file matching “pattern”. It can be one or more letters, numbers or other characters and may include the * (asterisk) and ? (question mark) wildcard characters.
A [pattern] can be the name of an item (directory or file) or part of the name of an item (plus wildcard characters).
A [path] to a directory can precede a [pattern] (as shown in the second Linux command example shown below).
When a [path] is not used with a command, the command will typically display output based on the files in the current directory (as shown in the first Linux command example below).
The Linux ls command below uses the pattern of * (a single asterisk) to show all files in the current directory (and if you’re working as a “regular” user and you’re in your home directory, there may not be any files or directories that appear).
- $ ls -l *
The ls command below uses the path and pattern of “/etc/hos*” to show all files in the etc directory that begin with “hos”. The [path] is /etc and the [pattern] is “hos*” (which uses the * wildcard character in the pattern).
- $ ls -l /etc/host*
The suffix (a.k.a. filename extension, extension) in the name of an item is the far right . (dot) and characters at the right of the . (dot).
For example, in the directory named rc.d, the “.d” is the suffix of the directory and in the file named speedbar.gz, the “.gz” is the suffix of the file.
In the Linux ls command example below, the path and pattern is “/etc/*.cfg” and path is “/etc” and the pattern is “*.cfg”. This Linux command shows a listing of all files that end in “.cfg” in the etc directory, which is below the root directory.
- $ ls -l /etc/*.cfg
In the ls command example below, the ? wildcard character is used to represent any single character in the pattern of “host?” to show only files with a single character at the right of “host”.
- $ ls -l /etc/host?
The Linux concepts and commands discussed above apply to Red Hat, Debian, Slackware, Ubuntu, Fedora, SUSE and openSUSE Linux – and also ALL Linux distributions.
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Source by Clyde E. Boom
Reviews Linux Command Line UI
Many functions can be performed by either the command interface or through a Graphical User Interface (GUI) in a typical Linux system. As a system administrator, I prefer the simpler interface provided by the commands line. It is with the command line that I find efficiency is optimized allowing my ability to perform tasks much faster. Task automation is the friend of the system administrator. And It is with a script that commands can be invoked easily through the commands interface, making the system administrator look like a magician to the uninitiated. In my own opinion, the command line epitomizes the elegance of a good User Interface design. It is simple in design, yet powerful. More powerful than what is available through the GUI. It is functional, practical and fast. Let’s look at a very common command in Linux. The ls command is used to list the contents of a directory. Using the command line for an example, I quickly created three test files in less than 30 seconds using a command called touch. I then did a list using the ls command with some options that give me information about these files.
ls -al
total 8
drwxrwxr-x 2 user group 4096 Oct 29 23:08.
drwx—— 3 user group 4096 Oct 29 23:07..
-rw-rw-r– 1 user group 0 Oct 29 23:08 another
-rw-rw-r– 1 user group 0 Oct 29 23:08 big_file
-rw-rw-r– 1 user group 0 Oct 29 23:08 small_file
It is outside the scope of this article to discuss the outcome of the ls command. What my intention of pointing out is how quickly the User Interface of the line gives information. I find this to be much more effective than launching a GUI application and navigating to the directory I am interested in. It is typing in five characters and BAM! there are my results.
The Linux command User Interface also lets you combine commands to increase the power and function of your command line glorious interaction. Let’s say you only wanted to see the file with the name small_file in this directory. If this were a long list of files in a directory, filtering for the filename you are looking for would perhaps be desirable.
ls -al | grep small_file
-rw-rw-r– 1 user group 0 Oct 29 23:08 small_file
Now, using the power of the ability to combine commands with this User Interface of the line we only get the result we are interested in by leveraging the pattern matching command of grep. The capability of combining commands at the command line interface is nothing short of amazing. Functions like file manipulation with a command line interface is the only way to go. You can make files, make directories, change permissions, change ownership, and copy files in seconds.
So what is the downside to the user interface as provided by the line? The answer to that is simple. You have to know the commands to take advantage of the power and speed. You lose all efficiency and power if you do not have your commands known to you. A GUI interface makes up for that by presenting information in an intuitive manner to find. A command line doesn’t do that for the user.
You have to know it to benefit. Sure, you can look things up. But the more you have to look up information, the less efficiency you gain.
A illustration of this is the editor preferred by most system administrators. The editor is called vi, or some might prefer vim which stands for vi improved. Both editors are fast and powerful – just like the command line. However, without committing the shortcut keys to memory, vi loses much of its strengths. It becomes frustrating to navigate. Simple tasks become more difficult. But in the hands of an experienced user, editing in vi can be magical.
The purpose of this article is to remind the world there are those of us who prefer a simple interface on occasion. We’ll take the advice of Albert Einstein and prefer our interactions with technology to occasionally be more raw. Give us the more powerful interface versus the elegant one any day. User Interface as an industry will continue seeking graphical representations of underlying functions. But we as system administrators will always prefer not having to use our mouse device as a user interface to interact with our Linux operating systems.
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Source by Viktor Zizic