Posts Tagged ‘linux commands’

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INTRODUCTION

This tutorial assumes you have some basic knowledge of how to use Unix and / or Linux and you have already installed and setup your Sun Solaris server. If you have not, please check my other tutorials on setting up a Sun Solaris server and come back to this tutorial. I will be right here waiting for you!

Okay let's get started, and as always we are assuming you have installed and have pkg-get working with blastwave set as your mirror site.

MYSQL

Let's take a look at the available packages to install first.

# Pkg-get -a | grep mysql

This should output a good list of packages. I am going to install mysql 5 for this tutorial.

# Pkg-get install mysql5

This should install several packages that mysql depends on. So let this run for a while, it might take a while depending on your internet connection. Go ahead and select "y" to all questions.

It should finish successfully and say something like this:

Installation of was successful.
bash-3.00 # ## Executing postinstall script.
bash-3.00 # Configuring service in SMF
MySQL 5 is using Service Management Facility. The FMRI is:
svc: / network / cswmysql5: default
No database directory found in the default location.
If you need to build the initial database directory,
see / opt / csw / mysql5 / share / mysql / quick_start-csw
If you are using a non-default database directory location, please start mysql manually.
Now, is not that nice. It even went ahead and created our SMF file for us so that we can use Solaris 10's SMF system. But you will notice that it could not locate the database file. So that's what we are going to do next. We are going to use blastwave's configuration script. Run it at the location stated above:

bash-3.00 # / opt / csw / mysql5 / share / mysql / quick_start-csw

Then you should get some output to your terminal that looks like this:
This is the blastwave quick start script to setup a MySQL5 database directory.

The base directory is / opt / csw / mysql5.
The default database directory is / opt / csw / mysql5 / var.

If you have not setup a partition for the database and you want one; now is a good time to exit this script and create and mount the partition.

If you have not setup a my.cnf file and you do not want one of the sample files; now is a good time to exit and create the file /opt/csw/mysql5/my.cnf.
Data directory: The default is / opt / csw / mysql5 / var

Follow the onscreen directions. You can go ahead with default for everything, but you might want to select one of the sample my.cnf files. The default one uses the my-small.cnf which is for a small memory footprint server. You might want to go with one of the default configs for a server that has more memory.

You should get a success response and then a message stating how to run mysql server. You are almost there! Now just type the following at your command prompt:

# Svcadm enable cswmysql5

Then check to see if everything is working fine.

# Svcs | grep mysql
You should get an answer like this:
online 0:22:05 svc: / network / cswmysql5: default

If you get another state like offline or maintenance, this means you have a problem and you will need to check your mysql log files or the SMF log files to see why it's not starting.

Let's try to connect to our mysql server. Now, if your path is currently something like this:
/ Usr / sbin: / usr / bin: / opt / csw / bin /

You wont be able to just call mysql from the command line. I would recommend adding a symbolic link to the mysql executeable.

# Ln -s / opt / csw / mysql5 / bin / mysql / opt / csw / bin / mysql

Now let's open mysql server by typing mysql.
# Mysql

It should log us right in. Type exit to exit out of mysql server. Let's now set a root password for our mysql server. Do so like this:
# / Opt / csw / mysql5 / bin / mysqladmin -u root password 'new-password'

Now let's check this login:
Try to just type mysql at the command prompt and see what happens. You should get a denied for user root.

try again like this:
# Mysql -u root -p
Then when it asks for your password give it the one you set in the above command.

You should be now logged in. Now you are complete. You have a password protected mysql server and it is now running and fully functional.
ADDITIONAL MYSQL SERVER SETTINGS

Let's say we want to create a mysql user account to use for our websites. Let's create this user now.

Login to mysql as root and run these commands
use mysql;
grant all privileges on *. * to ausername @ localhost identified by 'theuserspassword' with grant option;

APACHE

Let's take a look at the packages available.

# Pkg-get -a | grep apache

For this tutorial we will be installing apache2

# Pkg-get install apache2

Let this run for a while and install all needed software. It might take a while. Just enter Yes to most of the questions.

Since we used pkg-get to install apache2 it should be pretty much just ready to go.
Let's first create a folder to host our web files. Since Sun Solaris likes to put a majority of your disk space during install in the / export / partition, I will create a www folder in the / export folder.
# Mkdir / export / www /
Now let's edit the config file which is located here:
bash-3.00 # emacs /opt/csw/apache2/etc/httpd.conf

Change the variables you want to set. I pretty much just set the ServerName and ServerAdmin variables and changed the document root to a different place then the default. Search for the keywords to locate the portion of the config file to change.
DocumentRoot "/ opt / csw / apache2 / share / htdocs"
I changed this to DocumentRoot "/ export / www"
And you have to change the Directory listing as well
# This should be changed to whatever you set DocumentRoot to
#

change to

Let's edit the type of files we will serve with our web server. Search for DirectoryIndex. It should look like this:

DirectoryIndex index.html

let's add some other pages to serve.

DirectoryIndex index.html index.php index.htm

You can add your virtual hosts to the end of this file as you like as well. More on this later.
Now let's restart the apache2 server.
let's check to make sure it's loaded
# Svcs | grep apache
If the response you get is the following then it's already running, make sure it's the cswapache2 service that is running.
online 18:03:03 svc: / network / http: cswapache2

If it's not enabled and running you should issue the following command and check again:
# Svcadm enable -rs cswapache2
Since we made changes to the httpd.conf file we should issue a restart command.

# Svcadm restart cswapache2

We should be ready to go. Since the directory has no files in it yet, if you go to your browser and type the IP address of your Solaris server you should get a response with something like this:
Index of /

Congratulations! You have now gotten your apache server running.
PHP

Now let's install php5.

# Pkg-get -i php5
# Pkg-get -i ap2_modphp5 mod_php5 php5_curl php5_gd php5_mcrypt php5_mysql php5_mysqli phpmyadmin

Let this install and make sure to hit "Y" to continue with the installation.

Let's now configure our configuration file.

# Emacs /opt/csw/php5/lib/php.ini

You will need to uncomment the following line (just remove the semicolon):
; Extension = php_mysql.dll

Change the following three lines to match the below lines in the php.ini file
max_execution_time = 6000; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds
max_input_time = 6000; Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data
memory_limit = 128M; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume
After you make any changes to the php.ini file you will need to reboot the apache server.
Restart the apache server by issuing the command:
# Svcadm restart cswapache2

Now let's test to make sure php is working. Let's create a file in our apache default directory.

# Emacs /export/www/index.php
Then type the following in that document:

Save this file and again point your web browser to your Solaris server's IP address. You should now get a nice php info page loading. Congratulations you have now setup your SAMP server.

VSFTP

Let's install VSFTP
# Pkg-get -i vsftpd
Let's first edit the vsftpd config file. You will want to enable the options to allow local users to connect to the server.

# Emacs /opt/csw/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

You will want to make the following changes to your config file to allow your local users to login (you might have to uncomment some of these lines so that they will be read):
anonymous_enable = NO
local_enable = YES
write_enable = YES
uncomment the xferlog_file
uncomment the data_connetion_timeout
add the following line:
chroot_local_user = YES
This will force the local user that logs in to be chrooted to his / her home directory.
The FTP server logs the user into the home directory specified by the / etc / passwd file so you need to make sure the paths are correct.
Let's see if vsftp is running:
# Svcs | grep vsftpd

It should be in an online state.

Since we made changes to the vsftp config file let's restart the vsftpd server.
# Svcadm restart cswvsftpd

PHPMYADMIN

Since we have already installed phpmyadmin with pkg-get it should already be located on our server. You can do a find to locate the folder, but it should be in the default folder. Let's move it to our www folder

#mv / opt / csw / apache2 / share / htdocs / phpmyadmin / export / www / phpmyadmin

Now you should be able to load up phpmyadmin by going to http: // yourserverip / phpmyadmin

Let's edit our config file:

# Cp /export/www/phpmyadmin/config.sample.inc.php /export/www/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php
# Emacs /export/www/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php

You will want to edit the following lines:

$ Cfg [ 'blowfish_secret'] = 'putanythinghere'; / * YOU MUST FILL IN THIS FOR COOKIE AUTH! * /
// $ Cfg [ 'Servers'] [$ i] [ 'controluser'] = 'amysqlusername';
// $ Cfg [ 'Servers'] [$ i] [ 'controlpass'] = 'amysqlpassword';

After this, your all set! Just go back to the URL http: // yourserverip / phpmyadmin

Now it should connect to your mysql server and give you a login screen. Login with your mysql user and everything should be working at this point.

That concludes this tutorial.

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Source by Josh Bellendir

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The Acer 5542G is the company’s replacement model for it’s very popular 5536/5536G series. The new model comes with an improved processor and a whole new Tigris platform. It was after more than a week’s wait and phone calls that I got hold of one Acer Aspire 5542G. From the moment I read the specification sheet, I have been very thrilled to get the machine in my hands. The specs boasts about a AMD Turion II 2.2 Ghz, 3GB DDR2 Memory, ATI 4570 Dedicated graphics card with a 512MB DDR3 memory and a quite generous 320GB Hard disk drive for a price tag of less than RS 34000, which is quite a tempting deal.

In this detailed review we will see how these specs meet the real performance needs.

Key features:

In this section, we will look in detail at the key components that makes up this laptop. I will also try to include as much specifications and details as available from the manufacturer’s source.

Processor:

Acer Aspire 5542G comes with the second generation AMD Turion Processor (AMD Turion II M500) clocked at 2.2Ghz which houses a 1MB L2 Cache. The Turion II M500 is fabricated using the 45nm technology. It belongs to the Caspian generation of processors and supports HyperTransport 3.0 and hardware virtualization.

The Turion is AMDs answer to mobile processors, which provides excellent performance while keeping the power consumption at the minimum. The Turion processors generates less heat compared to AMD’s desktop work horses that have a bad reputation in heat emission department. The Turion II being the next version of the decent performer Turion, it sets high expectations in terms of competing with the Core 2 Duos in the market. We will see how it scores in real performance when we benchmark it down the road.

Graphics Card: ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4570 512MB DDR3

One of the main attractions of this laptop is the graphics engine that lies beneath the hood. The Acer 5542G comes with a dedicated ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4570 with 512 MB of DDR3 memory.

For those of you who are not clear about the difference between an integrated and a dedicated graphics solution, I’m adding a few words. An Integrated graphics solution (eg: the Intel’s X4500) doesn’t come with dedicated video memory; it eats up your system memory for graphics processing and thus the slower path between the system memory and the graphics engine causes the biggest bottle-neck when it comes to performance. Also the integrated graphics processor would be less powerful than a mainstream dedicated one in raw processing power. On the other hand, a dedicated graphics card will usually have a high speed dedicated video memory (eg: DDR3) which is coupled to the graphics processor. This removes the bottle neck and gives the card superior performance. The graphics processor on a dedicated card would usually support high-end effects provided by the latest DirectX and OpenGL APIs which gives the realism and visual-candy in the latest games.

The HD 4570 is a faster clocked version of the Mobility Radeon 4530/4330. It has a 64 Bit memory bus and comes with a 512MB DDR3 VRAM. The 512MB should be adequate for most gaming and graphics needs, unless you play in the craziest resolutions. (As rendering resolution increases, the more memory it needs). The DDR3 memory will meet the needs for the fastest and huge volume texture processing that modern games demand. However the 64 bit bus stands inferior to the 128 bit bus that most mainstream cards offer.

The ATI Mobility Radeon 4570 is based on the RV710 chip and it provides 80 stream processors. The Mobility Radeon also provides the video technology called Avivo HD that provides an on board 7.1 sound chip. The graphics solution also features a 2nd generation Unified Video Decoder that supports full bitstream decoding of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and VC-1 streams. The 4570 graphics unit is capable of handling all video tasks including HD video decoding.

Display:

The Acer 5542G comes with a 15.6″ High Definition LED backlit TFT LCD display that provides 220-nit high brightness and Acer’s Cinecrystal display technology. The pure widescreen (16:9) display supports a maximum resolution of 1366X768 and provides a 60% color gamut. It has a high-def response time of 8ms.

Memory: There is nothing much to boast about a 3GB DDR2 800Mhz memory that comes with the Acer Aspire 5542G when compared to the current line of laptops many of which sports a 4GB under the hood. The 3GB is sufficient for most of the computing needs which can later be upgraded to 4GB. However the 3GB deal would appear reasonable when we keep the price tag of the Acer 5542G in mind.

Hard Disk Drive: Again there’s nothing jaw dropping in this department. But I would say that the 320GB that comes with the Acer 5542G is generous for most of your storage needs.

Processor performance and benchmark:

I was initially reluctant to switch from the Intel’s proven workhorse Core 2 Duo to the AMD’s Turion family of processors. It is a widely accepted fact that the Intel’s processor outperforms the AMD counter part, provided that both runs on the same clock speed; the main culprit being the lower L2 cache in AMDs. But my reluctance to move on to the AMD Turion II was swept away by the performance benchmarks. The AMD Turion II M500 2.2 Ghz outperforms the Intel Core 2 Duo 6670 2.2 Ghz. When AMD Turion II M500 scores a decent score of 1426, the Intel Core2 Duo 6670 managed to get only 1379, though the margin is not huge.

The Turion II M500 also scored higher in the Windows 7 performance rating with a score of 5.7 against the score of 5.5 of the Intel’s Core 2 Duo 6600.

The Turion II without doubt has improved it’s architecture dramatically compared to the previous generation Turion, which helps it to achieve a higher performance benchmark, while competing head-on with the Intel’s counterpart, even though AMD Turion II M500 houses only 1MB L2 cache compared to the 2MB offered by the Intel’s variants.

The AMD Turion II M500 is doubtlessly an excellent performer and is commendable for being the first AMD processor model overtaking the Intel Core 2 Duo along the performance lines, both of which are clocked at the same speed. Though the Turion II has only 1MB L2 Cache it brings excellent performance and computing power on a budget. The Turion II M500 processor gives the Acer 5542G with great number crunching efficiency, that was much noticeable when we ran tests involving compressing/extracting, Gaming and Video rendering using 3D graphics tools. The Acer 5542G showed brisk performance during daily computing, and the Windows responsiveness and multi-tasking were significantly quick.

Graphics card performance:

The Acer 5542G with the ATI Mobility Radeon 4570 with 512MB Dedicated DDR3 VRAM is not an exceptional performer in terms of the latest gaming standards. But very few laptops comes with a high end graphics card that meets the high-end gamer’s needs and those machines will burn a hole in your wallet for sure. The HD 4570 in the Acer 5542G is a decent graphics card to play a little older game titles in full detail whereas when it comes to the most recent games, you might have to tweak the detail level to a medium to get reasonable frame rates.

The Acer 5542G is an excellent choice for gamer’s on a budget as well as 3D Graphics designers and Animators.

I found the Acer 5542G delivering very smooth frame rates on Test Drive Unlimited even at the highest settings, though a video review of the Dell Studio 15 housing the same graphics card showed significantly lower frame rates in YouTube. May be the performance boost is due to the DDR3 Video Memory as well as the better number-crunching done by the AMD Turion II M500. The card fared really well in older titles like Need For Speed Most Wanted, Need For Speed UnderCover, Unreal Tournament 2003, and Crysis Warhead even at the highest detail settings with 1024X768 resolution and FSAA turned on. The Acer 5542G also delivered consistently playable frame rates in Microsoft Flight Simulator which is a quite resource hungry game, due to the presence of huge textures and extensive terrain.

Display performance:

The 220-nit high brightness display of the Acer 5542G, gives excellent display quality with good sharpness and contrast. It also delivers very good and accurate color reproduction (60% gamut). The viewability from sides is not exceptional, but is adequate. The only major disadvantage of the display is that it’s high glossy finish attracts glare. Hence it is not suitable while viewing against any direct light source.

Audio Performance:

The Acer 5542G sports a Dolby certified audio system. The Realtek chip provides 32bit audio decoding and provides SP-DIF and Dolby Digital output. It also supports Dolby Headphone and Dolby Virtual Surround modes. It means you will be in audio bliss, if you connect the Acer 5542G to a nice home theatre or high-end headphones.

The built-in speakers of the Acer 5542G clearly lacks the bass and was a disappointment during our tests. The sound clearly lacks the thump element in it. It doesn’t mean that the speakers are worthless. The speakers give you very nice high and medium range frequencies quite well. The audio volume levels were loud enough and will be adequate if you are not in the middle of a very noisy environment.

Battery:

The Acer 5542G comes with a 6-cell battery pack. It would probably disappoint you, if you are looking for a laptop with 3+ hours battery backup. The lower battery backup can be attributed to the modestly big 15.6″ display paired with the dedicated graphics card that can drain out quite a lot of battery power. With the screen brightness at low, I was able to obtain a 2 hours 50 minutes backup with no audio, video or games turned on. At highest performance setting, you can expect roughly two hours of battery backup.

Heating:

Being an AMD based laptop most of us who have used an AMD based system would have concerns about over-heating. Stay cool. The Acer 5542G handles heat well. When you use it for extended hours for your daily computing needs, it doesn’t generate any significant heat. I found the heat near the palm rest regions less compared to some other Intel based competing laptop models. The Acer 5542G has adequate ventilation at the bottom and has a vent at the back, that blows the hot air out. The fan steps into high speed the instant things start getting hot.

It doesn’t mean that the Acer 5542G won’t generate heat at all. The moment you start playing games, the rosy picture changes. Though the Acer 5542G’s body remained just warm, the vent at the rear end was blowing out really hot air, which obviously means heavy heat generation, though it gets displaced well. Though the Acer 5542G gets away with the heat quite well, it would be a good choice to get an efficient laptop cooling pad if you are into serious gaming.

Other components:

The Acer 5542G comes with a good DVD Writer, Bluetooth, Wireless LAN etc. These devices performs quite well and doesn’t seem to have any specific points worth mentioning.

Accessories:

The laptop comes with a nice backpack from Targus with Acer logo on it. The backpack has adequate space to carry some extra stuff in it while you are on the move. It’s build quality is good and provides adequate cushioning for the laptop compartment.

Conclusion:

Acer 5542G is a laptop that brings great value to those on a budget, who need excellent processing and graphics performance. I highly recommend it for all gaming enthusiasts and graphics designers, owing to the excellent performance of the processor and the graphics solution built-in. It’s powerful processor can meet most of the extreme computing needs unless your needs target the ultra-high-end like an i7. The Acer 5542G equipped with it’s Turion II processor competes really well with the Core2 Duos out there; no need for the ‘Will AMD perform equally well?’ question anymore. It delivers brutal processing power.

If you are an audiophile who would play music through the laptop’s built-in speakers round the clock, Acer 5542G may not be the best suit for you. If that is not a top-priority for you or if you have a nice home theatre/headphone, then the Acer 5542G gives you great joy in the audio department too, through it’s Dolby processing and digital outputs. It all depends on your needs.

The battery suits the home computing / gaming / designing needs. It’s 2+ hours backup can handle your presentation, on-the-go needs too, though a 3+ hours backup would have been more recommendable.

The laptop model I purchased comes loaded with Linpus linux operating system (command prompt only) and eliminates the Windows dependency, which helps the Acer 5542G keep its price down. You might also get a version with Windows pre-loaded but for a higher price tag.

Pros:

Excellent processor

Excellent graphics for designers and budget gamers

Good Looks

Quite sturdy design

Good Audio processing and digital out

HDMI

Cons:

Built-in speakers do not match the good audio processing and lacks bass completely

Glossy screen difficult to work with in direct light

Volume control keys could have been softer to touch

Arrow keys needs refinement

Pricing and final words:

This laptop is available in India in many online shopping websites at a sub RS 35k price tag. I got hold of one for RS 33700/- (approximately 717 USD) through a local dealer. With such reasonable price tag and compelling set of features, I strongly recommend the Acer 5542G.

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Source by Saju Asokan

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With the plethora of programming languages these days, and the massive programming information available in the Internet, it can be difficult for a beginner like you to know where to start. When it comes to programming language for beginners, C is an excellent choice. Not only will it educate you of programming fundamentals, this language is also powerful and is widely used in the industry today.

Here are the reasons why C is a great programming language to begin with:

1.    You can’t learn Java or C directly.

For you to learn and master C and Java languages, you should have a rock-solid concept of the elements of programming like classes, polymorphism, inheritance, and others. Come to think about it, how will you learn complicated concepts like these if you are not even familiar with the basic elements of computer programming? The language that starts from scratch is C and its foundational concepts are the basis of any other programming concepts we have these days.

2.    It is the basis of C , C#, and Java.

C and C# are programming languages based on C. Java also derives its syntax and programming concept from C. This is known as the world’s most dominant programming language and it is also derived from C language.

3.    Programs that need Object Oriented Programming (OOP) are written in C.

Java, C#, and C employ OOP. Despite being powerful, not all programs use it and those utilizing it are still written in C.

4.    C boasts unbeatable performance.

When it comes to speed of execution, C is still unmatched.

5.    Most parts of Linux, Windows, and Unix are written in C.

So if you want to program these OS, or if you wish to have your programs run in the said operating systems, better be familiar with C.

6.    Drivers of modern gadgets are written in C.

Why is this so? Well simply because C gives users access to the computer’s basic elements. It also provides you with direct access to your CPU’s memory by means of pointers. You can also use C to control bits and bytes.

7.    Mobile phones, PDAs, palmtops and other handheld devices as well as appliance are becoming more popular than ever.

You may not be aware of it, but your handheld devices and home appliances may contain CPU that requires programming and has software dubbed as embedded system programs.

8.    Most PC games employ C as their foundation.

No one will be interested in games if it takes too much time for commands to be done. C is used to make things fast and prompt.

9.    C is considered as mid-level language.

Programming languages are categorized into three – Low Level, Middle Level, and High Level. Aside from being user-oriented, high level languages also make development of programs fast enough. Machine oriented, low level languages execute programs faster. Middle level languages like C combines the best attributes of the high and low level languages.

10.     C is a block-structured language.

This means every code is written in separate block and is not connected with the code in the next block. With this, you can make programming easier and you can minimize the possibilities of unnecessary side effects.

With the above-mentioned reasons, do you still have doubts why C is the best computer programming language for beginners?

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Source by Steven Winters

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Technology advancements are often quantified and identified by the terminology “generation.” Each year, the product development process improves, this is deemed a generation. With each new generation of computer, the motherboard and silicon footprint decreases and the speed, power and memory power increases.

Progression of Computers

Computers have come a long way since the first generation vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory magnetic drums. The first generation computer utilized assembly language programming or high level programming languages to execute instructions for the user. These early computers required a lot of electricity to operate and also generated a lot of heat that was difficult to displace.

The second generation replaced the vacuum tubes with transistors, which were a primary component of microprocessors today. Transistors were invented in 1947 in Bell Laboratories. These devices were preferable to vacuum tubes that emitted a significant amount of heat and slowed processing times.

Transistors opened the door to faster processing. The latest microprocessors contain tens of millions of microscopic transistors. Without the transistor, we would not have the same level of computing power that we have today.

The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube. This allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.

The third generation computer involved integrated circuits. These circuits are often referred to as semiconductors, because of the substrate used to design the circuit. Semiconductors dramatically increased the speed and efficiency of the computer. Semiconductors also decreased the overall footprint of the computer. As the semiconductor packages become smaller, designers produced smaller laptops and desktop computers. Minimalist designers and chiropractors rejoiced with the weight and size reduction.

The fourth generation marked the production of computers as we know them today. Microprocessors were introduced in this generation of computers. The computer processing speeds increased exponentially, as the “brain” of the computer mastered complex computations. This generation of computer allowed manufacturers to lower the price to make computers available to the common household. Computers, however, were still not as cost effective as they are today.

The fifth generation of computer added artificial intelligence to the computer to improve the speed and efficiency of advanced computations and graphic displays. Game playing, expert systems, natural language, neural networks and robotics were all capabilities of the fifth generation computer.

Neural networks were particularly important in this generation of computer. The computer could mimic actual neuron synapses in the human body. These complex mathematical models were handled with ease through the fifth generation computer. However, scientists still needed more computing power to accomplish advanced robotics and other language computations.

The Sixth Generation of Computer

Not only does the technology improve, but the price decreases as the technology improves. The sixth generation of computer provided consumers with the opportunity to have more power on a smaller footprint. The sixth generation also introduced voice recognition. Improved technology allows the computer to take dictation and recognize words. Computers have the ability to learn via a variety of advanced algorithms.

The use of nanotechnology is a characteristic of sixth generation computers. This significantly increases the processing time of the computer and help consumers. Computers with multiple CPUs can perform sophisticated calculations and multitask. When a single CPU can perform multiple tasks at once, this is considered multi-tasking.

When qubits or quantum bits process calculations, it is typically faster than conventional computers. This technology works in conjunction with the computer’s processor and memory. Complex languages such as English, Chinese, French and Spanish are easily processed with the use of qubits or quantum bits. Computers can now understand and interpret numerous languages with the new advanced technology available.

This new advancement will allow students and the disabled to speak commands into the computer without touching the physical device. Voice recognition is also helpful in laboratory clean rooms, surgical operating rooms or even use in customer service. Voice recognition will significantly enhance the scientist’s ability to create new technology.

Voice controlled games and typing applications are easy with sixth generation applications. Avid gamers will view video games in incredible detail with life-like motion. Parallel processing enables faster speeds for video games. As the semiconductor footprint becomes smaller through the use of nanotechnology, the user has more flexibility in the use of the computer.

Conclusion

Sixth generation took advanced computing to a new level with voice recognition. Consumers can only imagine what the seventh generation of computer will bring. Consumers will look forward to these new advancements as they develop.

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Source by Ali Gheli

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Iertutil.dll is an important component that is used under Microsoft to help process the Internet Explorer program. Specifically, it is considered as a crucial runtime component. Without the file, it is impossible for the Internet Explorer browser to run smoothly and properly. Nonetheless, despite its functionality there are also instances wherein the component can simply become problematic. Errors with the file usually happen when the browser is updated to its beta version of the Internet Explorer 7. Often, when the browser is updated to that version, several problems and glitches occur which eventually causes the Internet Explorer 7 to suffer errors and eventually crash. It’s important to address the different issues contributing to this error to be able to fully fix the problem. Fortunately, the following sections will provide an idea on how to get rid of this problem.

What Causes The IertUtil.dll Error?

When the computer is experiencing this problem, the following message is displayed:

“The ordinal 313 could not be located in the dynamic link library iertutil.dll”

Normally, the main cause of a problematic iertutil.dll is an issue with the Internet Explorer program. Common problems with this application occur when a file is missing or has simply been corrupted or damaged. When the file becomes faulty, the computer specifically Windows will have a hard time reading the file properly. Furthermore, errors with the file can also be triggered by errors in the registry. Users have to identify the source or sources of the problem to properly fix the issue. This can be done through the following steps discussed.

How To Fix The IertUtil.dll Errors On Your PC

One way to solve the problem is to manually replace the file. Replacing the file can help get rid of any corruption or damage. After replacing this file, it’s also important to remember that the file needs to be registered. To do this, follow these steps:

Download a fresh copy of the file from its original server then save it into the computer.

Find this location c:WindowsSystem32. Find the existing iertutil.dll and change the name of the file into iertutilBACKUP.dll.

Copy the newly downloaded file and move it into this location C:WindowsSystem32.

Click Start and then select Run.

On the Run box, type in “cmd” and then type in “regsvr32 iertutil.dll” on the command prompt and then press Enter. This process should ensure that the computer will have a fresh file to access. Make sure to follow the instructions carefully. Any mistake in these procedures can only lead to more problems.

Another important thing to do is to clean the computer’s registry. Errors with this file are also triggered by registry errors thus it’s important to make that the registry is ridden off any faulty component. Basically, the registry contains all files, settings, and applications used in the system. If a component in the registry goes haywire then the rest of the components are also affected. To clean the registry, download a registry cleaner application from the internet. Make sure to download from a reliable source.

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Source by Greg Kahn

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System Security is a type of rogue security malware, or smitfraud. It is distributed via malicious websites, but also comes bundled with fake video codecs. Given the ubiquity of video content on the web these days, most PC users are used to installing all kinds of codecs needed to play clips or movies.

Unlike many other examples of rogue malware, system security virus is a well-crafted pest. It causes havoc on infected computers.

Here’s a list of symptoms.

1. Task Mananger, Command Prompt, Registry Editor get disabled. For many PC owners, these are the tools to be used in the first place. This particular malware disables many Windows modules.

2. Currently installed antivirus programs may fail to detect the infection, and are taken over by the virus. When it happens, antivirus software becomes useless; it cannot be started.

3. Desktop wallpaper is replaced by scary warnings.

4. Windows Security Center starts displaying fake warnings urging the user to download the cure.

5. System Security virus comes with a scanner to show fake results of present infections.

6. Almost all applications cannot be open showing the warnings “the file xyz is infected”. No installation of security programs is possible due to same very reason.

Here’s a short list of steps to remove system security virus in case of emergency (when you have no a tech person on call).

1. Open My Computer, go to C:Documents and SettingsAll UsersApplication Data and look for a folder with the numeric name (e.g. 11480154). Inside it, there should be two lonely files, one of them with the numeric filename same as the name of the folder. Delete both files and the folder.

2. Restart Windows.

3. Go to Start, Run, type in MSCONFIG and click OK to launch Microsoft Configuration Utility. Navigate to Startup tab and look for the entry with the numeric name. Uncheck the box near it.

4. If there are entries pointing to C:Program Files with “System Security” in the path, remove the checks from those boxes as well.

5. Right-click on My Computer. Go to System Restore. Check the box stating “Turn off System Restore”. Windows will warn you about restore points being deleted. Click OK and restart.

6. Now enable Windows System Restore (by removing the checkmark from the box in #5).

Finally, run a scan with your antivirus or antispyware software (which should be functioning by now) to remove system security entries.

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Source by Alberta Glamerheim

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The 1083 error is predominantly caused when you either try and update Windows from the Microsoft website or through Windows Update. The problem is caused by certain DLL files being unregistered on your system, which prevents the Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) from connecting to the update server. This problem is actually very simple to fix, by following a simple set of steps to resolve the issue that causes it.

The 1083 error normally displays like this:

Error 1083: The executable program that this service is configured to run in does not implement the service. (0x8007043B)

The best way to fix the problem is to first register the files that Windows requires when it is being updated, and then use a registry cleaner to fix all the damaged and corrupt settings that often cause further issues to the update process.

The first thing you need to do to fix the 1083 error is to use the inbuilt “regsvr32” command inside Windows to register qmgr.dll and qmgrproxy.dll. These two files are crucial for the update process inside Windows, and the good news is that if you can register them very easily by using the “command prompt” inside Windows. Load the command prompt and then let it register the various dll files that Windows requires, and it should fix the 1083 error for you.

On top of that, you should also clean out the “registry” of your PC with a registry cleaner. These are software programs which scan through your system and fix any of the damaged or corrupt settings that are inside your computer. The registry is where Windows stores all the settings and vital files that it requires to run, and unfortunately, it’s also the part of your computer which is continually being saved in the wrong way, causing major problems for your system. To fix this issue, it’s highly recommended that you use a ‘registry cleaner’ to fix any of the errors inside the registry database… which should make your PC run much smoother and more effectively.

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Source by Katie Martins

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HP Printer Error code 49 is shown when you try and print out a document on your system. It is normally caused by a failure in communication between your PC and your printer, making it impossible for your printer to be able to handle the work you want it to print. The issues that cause this error typically include the likes of invalid print commands, damaged data transfer, invalid operators and registry errors.

The first step to fix this error is to “calibrate” the printer. This basically means that you use several inbuilt Windows features to not only make sure your computer recognizes the printer, but is also able to perform operations & print from it. To do this, you basically just need to turn off the printer, and then turn it back on again. After you’ve done that, test out the printer from another application, and if that works, you should look at what could be causing the problem in the other application you were using. If the printer doesn’t work on a different application, then you should “reinstall” the printer on your system by using the “Device Manager” to remove the device and then install it again.

This process should basically wipe your computer’s current configuration for the printer, and reinstall it as a new device. It’s often the case that printers will either become damaged, corrupt or unusable for some small, unknown problems on your PC. You may also wish to reinstall the drive for the device as well.

On top of doing that, you should repair the registry of your PC. This is very important, as the registry is often cited the biggest reason why HP printer errors will show up. The problem is that the ‘registry’ is continually being saved incorrectly, causing many of its important files & settings to become damaged. This not only makes it very difficult for your PC to read the registry files it needs, but will also cause a variety of errors on your system, including Error Code 49.

The registry is basically a big database for your computer, which stores all sorts of important files and settings inside. This database is continually being used to help Windows save & recall a huge number of important settings on your system, and is what all Windows PCs use to run every day. In order to fix this database, which is probably one of the reasons why the 49 error is showing, you just need to use a “registry cleaner” application – a software tool designed to scan through all the registry files on your PC and fix the ones causing problems. You can get these tools from the Internet, and will basically clean out any potentially damaged settings on your computer to make it run much faster.

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Source by Katie Martins

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Here are some troubleshooting guides for particular topics.

(1) Your Virtual Network Connection

(2) VPN Troubleshooting Error Messages

(3) VPN Modems Troubleshooting Guide

(4) VPN ISP Troubleshooting Guide.

(1) Your Virtual Private Network Connection

Having trouble connecting to the Internet at home try these steps before calling for help.

1. Do you have an IP address? Try ipconfig /all. If you do not have an IP address reboot your PC. If that doesn’t work power cycle your Cable/DSL modem and routers and reboot your PC again after the network devices are up and stable. Be sure all of your network cables are plugged in tight.

2. After your PC reboots check that your network adapter is active and packets are flowing. Perform the ipconfig /all check again.

3. Check your connectivity by pinging several Internet sites. If that does not work, ping the loopback address 127.0.0.1. If that fails, your adapter may not be working or it is not properly configured.

To check your IP address. From command prompt enter ipconfig /all (as shown in the picture) you should see an IP Address and several DNS Server addresses. The domain name system (DNS) is the way that Internet domain names are located and translated into IP addresses and is required for browsing the Internet.

Ping 127.0.0.1 – loopback Test (as shown in the picture). The loopback test is used to check if the IP stack is responding. If it times out or you get an error the problem may occur if any one or more of the following conditions is true:

*The TCP drivers are corrupted

*The network adapter is not working

*Another service is interfering with IP

Check your network adapter, click the Start menu, Settings, Control Panel, and select Network Connections. Double click on the Local Area Connection or the Wireless Adapter whichever one you are using. Be sure its Connected. If you have multiple network cards disable the one you are not using.

There should be Packets displayed in both the Sent and Received counters. If the Received counter is 0 check that the adapter has an IP address. Select Properties.

Click the check boxes for Show icon and Notify me below. A twin PC icon will appear on the lower right portion of the taskbar in the tray area and will flash while sending and receiving packets. You can place your mouse over the icon to get the status and click on it to get more details.

Tracert displays the connection path to the target location and the number of hops. Each hop is the trip from one router to another. Tracert is a handy tool both for understanding where problems are in the network and for determining latency between hops.

Ping is used to determine whether a host exists and is active on the network and can determine the round trip time to the device. You can enter a host name or an IP address if you know it. If the request times out then the host is not reachable because it’s offline or there is a problem with the connection. Try several sites, if none work then ping the loopback address 127.0.0.1 Also, if your DNS is not working or properly configured you can only ping the host with an IP address and you will not be able to browse the Internet.

If you are having intermittent problems, perform a ping -t for 5 to 6 minutes then hit CTRL C to see the results of the test to determine if you are dropping network packets (lost packets). If you are, this usually indicates an ISP problem or Cable/DSL modem problem. See VPN ISP Troubleshooting Guide

(2) VPN Troubleshooting Error Messages

Q1 Error Message: Remote Host not responding: or Unable to Resolve the IP address of the Remote Server

Cause: This indicates that the Contivity VPN Switch never responded to the connection attempt. The problem could either be with the Contivity switch itself, (switch may be down) or your machine may be having a problem resolving the IP address.

Action: Try pinging your destination name (Example: VPN.something.com). If you received a message that says “Request Timed Out” from the ping command, call your ISP to make sure that their DNS is functioning correctly.

Q2 Error Message: Maximum number of sessions reached

Cause: This indicates that the maximum number of users for the account you are using are currently logged on.

Action: If you are the only user with VPN to your account, it is possible to get this error if you restarted a connection immediately after losing the dial-up connection to your ISP. This is because the Contivity VPN Switch takes up to one hour to determine that your connection has been dropped and log you off from your account.

Q3 Error Message: Login failed, Please consult the switch log for further information

Cause: The User Name or the Password is incorrect for the user name entered.

Action: Verify that the User Name you entered is correct and retype the Password before trying the connection again.

Q4 Error Message: The physical connection has been lost

Cause: Your connection to your ISP was disconnected.

Action: Re-establish your connection to your ISP before you re-establish the Contivity connection to the remote network.

Q5 Error Message: The secure Contivity connection has been lost

This message can result due to a number of different reasons, and there are several recommended actions you can take to try and re-connect.

Cause(s):

If you receive this error before the client connects then something is blocking a necessary port (such as ESP port 50). This can result if your firewall is not configured properly and is restricting the necessary port(s).

If you receive this error during a connection and you suddenly get the error it may mean one of the following:

1. Something closed the connection;

2. The VPN Contivity switch where you were trying to connect to thought your client was down or timed out;

3. Your local ISP did something that interrupted your network connection long enough for the VPN Contivity switch to identify your client was not responding;

4. The VPN Contivity switch that you are connected to has either logged your connection off or the Switch is no longer responding, or a device that does not support IPSEC NAT Traversal is causing the connection failure.

Action(s):

1. Try re-establishing the Contivity connection by clicking the Connect button. If this works, the connection was probably lost due to the Idle Timeout configured on the Contivity VPN Switch. If no data is transferred through the Contivity connection for a long period of time, 15 minutes or more, the Contivity VPN Switch automatically disconnects the connection;

2. If you were unable to successfully re-establish the Contivity Connection, the dial-up connection may be preventing data from traveling between the Contivity VPN Client and the Contivity VPN Switch. Hang up the dial-up connection and reconnect before you try to re-establish a connection to the Contivity VPN Switch;

3. If you are still unable to connect to the Contivity VPN Switch, open a Command Prompt and try pinging the Contivity VPN Switch using the host name or address that you specified in the Destination field.

(a) If you receive a “Destination Unreachable error” there is a routing problem at the ISP.

(b) If you receive a “Request Timed Out” error message, the Contivity VPN Switch is probably not available, and you should contact your Network Administrator.

4. If you keep getting this message and are unable to connect, then it may indicate that the Contivity VPN Switch is unable to communicate with the client because it is behind some kind of NAT (Network Address Translation) device. NAT (Network Address Translation) Traversal allows a number of devices on a private network to access the Internet simultaneously without each requiring its own external IP address. Most hotels and airports that provide Internet connectivity use NAT to connect to the Internet.

Q6 Error Message: Cannot Alter Routing Table

Cause: Message means the you the user, an application on your machine, or your ISP attempted to change the routing table via an ICMP redirect attempt and it was not successful. The client detects the attempt to make the change, determines it’s a security breach and shuts down the client’s connection. Any time you make a VPN connection, you cannot change the routing table, because the VPN Client views this as a security risk and you will get disconnected.

Some applications require an ICMP redirection in order to work such as a game or other third party software.

Action: If you receive this error and cant connect due to an ICMP redirect attempt, shut down any other applications you are using which may be causing the ICMP redirect attempt. If it is the ISP that is doing it, you will need to block the ICMP redirect request. You can identify that ICMP redirect has occurred, by seeing a message saying there has been an IP address routing table change.

Q7 Error Message: Receiving Banner Text Information

Cause: Message means you are experiencing a Banner Sock issue, and will see a window displaying the “Receiving Banner Text” message and then gets disconnected.

Actions:

1. Disable the firewall completely to test. This is a port 500 issue and often means that the you have a personal Firewall that is blocking port 500 or you have a router that does not support IPSEC pass-through, and the you are connecting to a VPN switch that does not have NAT Traversal enabled.

2. If using wireless, temporarily remove Wireless from the picture and focus on the Ethernet card. Check the Ethernet card speed and duplex parameters and then make sure that the hub, switch, or router that is on the other end has the same parameters. If not, the VPN connection will drop as the link goes up and down, or due to a large number of errors on the port from a duplex and or speed mismatch.

3. Firewall that blocks the connection, such that system will crash. (This will rarely happen) NSDF (Norton Symantec Desktop Firewall) and NSPF (Norton Symantec Personal Firewall) can do this though, if you do not trust the IP address of the VPN connection.

If you do not trust the VPN address of the VPN client, the firewall will cause you to crash. In your Internet browser click on “Tools > Internet Options > Security > Trusted Sites > Sites” and add the destination VPN address(es) to your trusted sites.

Q8 Error Message: You already have the maximum number of adapters installed

Cause: You may have installed to many virtual adapters in your IP Stack

Actions:

1. Remove any unnecessary adapters;

2. Create multiple boot scenarios disabling the adapters that are not required for that function;

3. You may also get Banner Sock errors on Win 95 & 98 units with this condition;

4. For more information, see this Microsoft article: KB217744: Unable to Bind Protocols to More Than 5 Network Adapters (copy and paste into the search tool bar > enter).

Q9 Upgrade Errors: The following are some errors that may occur when trying to upgrade / install the Nortel VPN Client 4.65

Error (1): Failed to get Registry key value for NT_IPSECSHM

Cause: This is caused because an important registry key that cannot be found in the system registry.

Actions:

1. Uninstall and Reinstall the VPN Software

Error (2): Login Failure due to: Driver Failure

Cause: This is generally caused by either not having Admin rights to the PC or by trying to install/use a Nortel VPN client that predates the operating system.

Actions:

1. Ensure that you have admin rights to the PC.

2. Update/Install the most current version of the Nortel VPN client.

Error (3): Create socket failed with 10048.

Cause: This problem generally will occur whenever you have another VPN client software installed on the system. The most noted conflicting clients are: AOL, Cisco VPN Client(s), SSH Sentinel and PGP.

Actions:

1. Removing these clients will in most cases, resolve the issue.

(3) VPN Modems Troubleshooting Guide

Q1 Are Cable Modems supported for VPN Access?

Yes, you can use cable modems for VPN access. However you must be aware of the following conditions and be able to work within them:

*Some cable modems require that you log into an NT network to get authenticated.

*Some cable modems use a client similar to the Extranet Client for VPN and both will not run at the same time.

*Some cable modem Contracts/Acceptable Use Policies specify that you cannot use them for business purposes or they want to charge you another fee to use them for business purposes. Make sure you read your contract thoroughly.

*Your Cable modem provider is your ISP. Please see the VPN-connection-guide.html”>ISP Troubleshooting Guide for more information.

Q2 Why does my modem seem to perform erratically?

Always make sure that you do not let the operating system select a generic modem. If required, go to the appropriate web site for the vendor of the modem and get the updated INF file so that the proper parameters are configured for the modem.

Q3 Why do I always seem to get a slower connection speed than others with the same modem?

1. Always check the modem configuration to verify that its maximum speed has been selected.

2. It is common when auto-installing modems that the highest speed is not selected automatically.

3. Do not check the box that says run at maximum speed only.

Q4 I plugged my modem into the phone line at the hotel or customers office and now it does not work.

Always make sure that the phone line you are plugging into when visiting somewhere is an analog line not a digital one. Plugging into a digital line can permanently damage your modem, requiring a replacement unit. To avoid these situations please contact the local site phone support personnel.

Q5 Why cant I get a 56Kb V.90 connection from some locations that I go to?

Here are some of the reasons why you might not get a 56K connection:

1. You are located more than 3 ½ miles from your telephone companys central office (CO).

2. A SLICK or Subscriber Loop System is used in your area.

3. You are calling from a digital PBX system, which creates a Digital to Analog conversion and then an Analog to Digital conversion.

4. Your line contains digital pads or Robbed Bit Signaling (RBS), which can degrade your connection speeds.

5. Your wiring may be of poor quality.

6. Your modem’s firmware may not be up-to-date. Check that your modem has the newest V.90 code installed with all the patches from the vendor’s web site.

Q6 Why cant I get higher speed on my 56K v.90 modem into some NAG?

Here are some possible reasons:

1. A 56k v.90 modem is asymmetric by design where download speed can be as much as 56k but upload speed will be up to 33.6bps. For 56k to work, there must be only one analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion in your local phone loop. Thus when modems at both ends are analogue, 56k speeds will never be achieved as most PSTN exchanges run digital routing between the exchanges.

2. Some NAG sites use analog phone lines with Cisco and standard 56k modems, and most PC’s dial-ups use a similar modem. Between the two modems, it limits the download speed to about 33.6kbps maximum.

3. Also, many users might experience lower connection speeds due to other reasons, such as more poor line quality. These factors will also contribute to the quality and speed of the line.

(4) VPN ISP Troubleshooting Guide

Q1 If you are getting the message “Unable to Resolve the IP address of the Remote Server. Verify the Host Name in the destination field is correct.” when trying to connect with the Extranet Client.

Try pinging your destination name (Example: VPN.something.com) and if it fails call your ISP to make sure that their DNS is functioning correctly.

Q2 Why do I get No Domain Available when dialing my ISP?

On your Internet Service Providers (ISP) dial connection. Right click the mouse and select the properties button. Click on the Server Type tab and make sure that the Log On To Network box is unchecked.

Q3 Why do I seem to be running slowly through my VPN connection?

Try turning off the Software Compression option on your Internet Service Providers (ISP) dial connection as the VPN client has it’s own compression. Right click the mouse and select the properties button. Click on the Server Type tab and uncheck the

Q4 I keep getting busy signals when trying to connect to my ISP, what should I do?

Contact your ISP giving the numbers you are trying to connect to. Many times you will find that can give you an alternate number not published yet that will work just fine. If not you may need to find another ISP that provides better service.

Q5 When configuring the dial icon for my ISP what should I put in the DNS/WINS settings?

Your ISP should supply you with the DNS/WINS settings of your dial connection. Most only give you DNS, in this case just leave the WINS settings blank.

Q6 Why when I load the Extranet Client on my PC and Winpoet is installed on my machine it crashes or does not work properly?

There are issues running Winpoet software on the PC with the Nortel Extranet (VPN) Client.

To repair your system, boot in safe mode and uninstall the Winpoet Software.

A simple solution is to install the Linksys BEFSR41 hardware router. It has a firmware PPPOE connector, which eliminates Winpoet from the PC and provides the added benefit a NAT firewall with the ability to hook up to three other PCs.

A second option is to find a PPPOE Client that does not interfere with VPN Clients.

Please See Your VPN Doctor for Picture Guide and further Details.

Need a Qiuck Fix, Tool, Trick or Tip? Your VPN Doctor has the Cure!

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Source by Aaron Adams

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The Windows 80244019 Error is trouble in the computer that is usually experienced when Windows Update feature is being used to update Windows. This kind of error can occur due to various reasons; the common reason, however, is that the Automatic Update service has not been turned on. But then, you should still be cautious because this can lead to serious complications for Windows such as inaccessibility of Windows Update server or virus infection. When a virus manages to infiltrate the computer, it can mix up the values in Automatic Updates services and cause more errors to appear.

What Causes The 80244019 Error?

This particular error is mainly brought about by Windows Update malfunctioning and having difficulty performing its tasks because of obstructions like virus infection or the files and settings of Windows could have been damaged or corrupted. Otherwise, the registry database can be the source of the error. Be wary of viruses because some target the Automatic Updates service and disable the Windows Update features. However, if your computer is becoming slow in its processes, then perhaps the source of the error is in the registry. If you want to fix this error immediately, then follow the instructions in this tutorial. The process will include the scanning of the PC for viruses, the disabling of Windows Update and the cleaning of the registry.

How To Fix The 80244019 Error?

First, you will identify the viruses that could have possibly infected your update features. Run a powerful anti malware program such as XoftSpy. This tool can effectively eliminate viruses and identify the infections. Viruses can be tricky to remove; if you leave them alone, they can install rogue files that can launch malicious activities in your computer. They can have the same name of important Windows files or programs so you might mistake them as legitimate software. With the use of the XoftSpy tool, they can be detected and removed.

If the problem is not a virus infection, then the next thing to do is to disable the Windows Update Services. The error would disappear if the problem is with the Windows Update Services.

Go to START>RUN> type in “regedit” in the box and press ENTER to confirm. This task will edit the registry so you have to be careful because the registry is quite a delicate component. On the left side of the registry, find “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREPoliciesMicrosoftWindowsWindowsUpdateAU.” On the right side of the registry, find the “UseWUServer” and modify the value; from “dword:00000001” replace it with “dword:00000000.”

If the error is still there, then the last thing you will have to check is the registry. For this, use the Frontline Registry Cleaner; it is the trusted and reliable tool that deals with issues in the registry. It has the most delicate set of data: registry keys, settings, files, options, etc. These are all constantly in use by Windows to run programs and execute commands. Since the database become overworked, some of its data becomes damaged or corrupt and this situation leads to the appearance of errors.

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Source by Greg Toddles James